ETIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS AND MODERN METHODS FOR THEIR DIAGNOSIS

Abstract

This article examines modern microbiological aspects of infectious diseases in farm animals, as well as methods for their diagnosis and control. Infectious diseases remain one of the key challenges in veterinary medicine, significantly affecting livestock productivity, farm biosecurity, and the economic performance of the agricultural sector. The study analyzes major bacterial and viral pathogens, including Brucella spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, as well as foot-and-mouth disease virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, taking into account their epizootiological characteristics and transmission routes.

Special attention is given to modern laboratory diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serological methods (ELISA), bacteriological culture, as well as molecular genetic technologies such as sequencing and pathogen genotyping. A comparative analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic value of various methods is presented, allowing the determination of their optimal combination in veterinary practice. It has been established that molecular methods are characterized by high accuracy, rapidity, and the ability for early detection of pathogens, including latent and subclinical infections.

In addition, issues of antimicrobial resistance and the need for rational use of antimicrobial agents are discussed. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of recommendations for optimizing diagnostic schemes, strengthening preventive measures, and implementing a comprehensive approach to infection monitoring. The results obtained can be effectively applied in veterinary practice to improve diagnostic quality, reduce disease incidence, and minimize economic losses in livestock production.