INNOVATIVE METHODS OF RESTORATION OF SAXAUL FORESTS AND CLIMATE ADAPTABILITY

Abstract

Saxaul (Haloxylon spp.) forests represent one of the most ecologically significant yet highly vulnerable desert ecosystems in Central Asia. These formations play a crucial role in stabilizing sandy soils, regulating local microclimates, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating the adverse impacts of desertification. In recent decades, climate change, increased anthropogenic pressure, and improper land-use practices have accelerated the degradation of saxaul ecosystems across Kazakhstan. This expanded manuscript provides a comprehensive analysis of innovative restoration techniques for saxaul forests with a particular focus on their climate resilience. By integrating historical forestry data, remote-sensing assessments, field monitoring results, and current scientific developments, the study evaluates the efficiency of seed-based, vegetative, and biotechnological restoration methods under arid climatic conditions. Research findings indicate that the use of hydroseeding mixtures, polymer-based water retainers, and climate-adaptive planting schemes significantly improves seedling survival rates, especially in regions with extreme temperature fluctuations and minimal precipitation. Additionally, GIS-based monitoring and soil-moisture modeling provide important predictive tools for optimizing planting density and identifying priority restoration zones. The paper emphasizes the necessity of long-term ecological monitoring, introduction of drought-resistant genotypes, and integration of local community participation to ensure sustainable recovery of saxaul forests in a rapidly changing climate.